GMAT考試語法知識點(diǎn)詳解（二）

　1..

　　Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.

　　A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being

　　B. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were

　　C. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically

　　D. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically答案 (D)

　　E. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)：Introduced by …, life insurance remained until … a … contract between … and…其中a contract是同位語修飾life insurance

　　考點(diǎn)：

　　1. 固定搭配between … and …

　　2. 時(shí)態(tài)問題：

　　以下情況用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：

　　l within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+時(shí)間段

　　l 出現(xiàn)since考慮現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　以下情況用一般過去式：

　　l 出現(xiàn)original/originally, first

　　l 過去明確時(shí)間

　　l 過去段時(shí)間

　　以下情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　自然現(xiàn)象

　　統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

　　實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論

　　客觀事實(shí)

　　拓展：

　　l continue這個(gè)詞，對于時(shí)態(tài)方面有一點(diǎn)特殊性：1)不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);2)不用兩種以上的時(shí)態(tài)

　　l 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去時(shí)：過去時(shí)就是過去的動作，完成了;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，除了過去的動作完成了，它區(qū)別于過去時(shí)的地方就在于它強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響。要說什么時(shí)候通用，那就是抓住本質(zhì)“對現(xiàn)在有沒有影響?”沒有的話，兩者都可以。 (personal comment by aeoluseros)

　　l 過去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的是過去的過去，所以需要與一個(gè)過去的時(shí)態(tài)作對比，也即如果句子里面沒有特別明顯表達(dá)過去的過去或者沒有某個(gè)動詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)，那么必不會出現(xiàn)過去完成時(shí)。

　　C. 同位語：同位語由unrestricted adjectival phrase而來，同位語的修飾對象：名詞或名詞短語或代詞

　　同位結(jié)構(gòu)的特征

　　a) 起修飾語的作用,一般用于修飾名詞或名詞短語;同位語解釋的是整個(gè)名詞，不是名短中某個(gè)詞，故同位語不是核心詞修飾。

　　b) 必須對其修飾對象具有解釋力;

　　c) 位置：名詞前或名詞后，一般在修飾對象的后面;

　　d) 不影響主謂一致(謂語應(yīng)該和主語保持一致，而不是和同位語);

　　e) 同位結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的數(shù)可以和其修飾對象的數(shù)不一致。

　　同位結(jié)構(gòu)的形式

　　1) 名詞性同位語：名詞解釋名詞。(以下三種，第二個(gè)n.后可以跟修飾詞)

　　i. N., n.;

　　ii. n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;

　　iii. the + n., n.(前面的the + n 為同位結(jié)構(gòu))

　　2) 內(nèi)容具體化同位結(jié)構(gòu)：抽象名詞(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 從句，that從句對抽象名詞進(jìn)行具體化解釋(注意與of 結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別)，that從句部分才是同位語。(that是小品詞，連詞，和一般的名詞性that分句中的that一樣)

　　3) 概括性同位語：用一個(gè)概括性的名詞去概括前面的修飾對象：短語/句子，n. + that / doing / done...

　　選項(xiàng)分析：

　　A.in England 位置不好，應(yīng)該在修飾對象life insurance后面以使introduced修飾life insurance更為清晰;being多余

　　B.in England 位置不好，應(yīng)該在修飾對象life insurance后面以使introduced修飾life insurance更為清晰;between … with搭配錯(cuò)誤;who typically were多余

　　C.時(shí)間狀語until the end of the seventeenth century位置不好，應(yīng)放到動詞remained后面以使introduced修飾life insurance更為清晰，也使得與其修飾對象remained更加接近。

　　D. Correct;remain如果像在B,C中用了過去完成時(shí)語法上并沒有錯(cuò)，只是句意就imply了“l(fā)ife insurance在17世紀(jì)末以后就變了”，而如果是一般過去時(shí)，則有可能18世紀(jì)初了英國的壽險(xiǎn)可能還是那樣子，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)改變不是必須的，所以不一定要過去完成時(shí)。

　　E. between … with搭配錯(cuò)誤;in England沒有緊靠其修飾的名詞life insurance;who typically were多余

　　補(bǔ)充說明：

　　in the last century與in last century的區(qū)別：

　　參見例題大全242：

　　242. Despite the recent election of a woman to the office of prime minister, the status of women in Pakistan is little changed from how it was in the last century.

　　(A) is little changed from how it was

　　(B) is a little change from how it was

　　(C) has changed little

　　(D) has changed little from how it has been

　　(E) is little changed from the way it was

　　Key: C. last 此處意思為"最近的"而不是"上一個(gè)",否則就不必用the，因此要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　如：

　　Did you see the game on TV last night? 昨天晚上

　　Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年


　　2..

　　The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

　　A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding

　　B. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expanding

　　C. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expanded

　　D. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expanding (A)

　　E. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding

　　句子結(jié)構(gòu)： The … theory holds that the universe began in … and has been…

　　考點(diǎn)：

　　1. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中表語是對主語的描述、說明，因此要搭配合理。

　　2. 描述自然現(xiàn)象、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論、客觀事實(shí)的時(shí)候用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

　　同樣需要注意的是在描述法律規(guī)定的時(shí)候定語從句要用Ving形式

　　選項(xiàng)分析：

　　A.Correct;10 to 20 billion years ago做定語修飾instant

　　B.Had began時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，begin是即時(shí)動詞不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，而且只是描述過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的事件，不需要用完成時(shí);第二個(gè)had應(yīng)該改為has，因?yàn)橹两袢栽跀U(kuò)大，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

　　C.the beginning of the universe was an instant主語和表語搭配錯(cuò)誤;was應(yīng)該改為is;that has expanded修飾instant錯(cuò)誤

　　D. the beginning of the universe was的表達(dá)wordy;hold … to have been表達(dá)不如賓語從句直接，而且wordy，只有knowned to have done這種不得已的時(shí)候才用這樣的結(jié)構(gòu);that is expanding將原句中并列的句子改為從句，改變了原句意思;is expanding時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與ever since搭配

　　E. had been expanding與holds并列錯(cuò)誤，begin邏輯上應(yīng)該與expand并列;hold…to have begun的表達(dá)不如賓語從句直接

　　OG12-8的解釋：

　　Logical predication; Verb form

　　The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.

　　A. Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.

　　B. Had begun is the wrong tense because it describes action that occurred farther in the past than some other, specifi ed past action.

　　C. The relative clause that has expanded describes instant, which makes no sense.

　　D. The beginning of the universe to have been … is unnecessarily indirect and wordy; illogically suggests that beginning is expanding, not the universe.

　　E. The verb phrases to have begun and has been expanding both reference the same subject of the clause, universe, and therefore need to be parallel.

　　下劃線的兩個(gè)句子并不矛盾，因?yàn)閠hat從句前面的beginning be an instant是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，所以that從句describe的是instant和beginning.